The US financial market regulator, the Securities and  Exchange   Exchange An exchange is known as a marketplace that supports the trading of derivatives, commodities, securities, and other financial instruments.Generally, an exchange is accessible through a digital platform or sometimes at a tangible address where investors organize to perform trading. Among the chief responsibilities of an exchange would be to uphold honest and fair-trading practices. These are instrumental in making sure that the distribution of supported security rates on that exchange are effectively relevant with real-time pricing.Depending upon where you reside, an exchange may be referred to as a bourse or a share exchange while, as a whole, exchanges are present within the majority of countries. Who is Listed on an Exchange?As trading continues to transition more to electronic exchanges, transactions become more dispersed through varying exchanges. This in turn has caused a surge in the implementation of trading algorithms and high-frequency trading applications. In order for a company to be listed on a stock exchange for example, a company must divulge information such as minimum capital requirements, audited earnings reports, and financial reports.Not all exchanges are created equally, with some outperforming other exchanges significantly. The most high-profile exchanges to date include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), the London Stock Exchange (LSE), and the Nasdaq. Outside of trading, a stock exchange may be used by companies aiming to raise capital, this is most commonly seen in the form of initial public offerings (IPOs).Exchanges can now handle other asset classes, given the rise of cryptocurrencies as a more popularized form of trading. An exchange is known as a marketplace that supports the trading of derivatives, commodities, securities, and other financial instruments.Generally, an exchange is accessible through a digital platform or sometimes at a tangible address where investors organize to perform trading. Among the chief responsibilities of an exchange would be to uphold honest and fair-trading practices. These are instrumental in making sure that the distribution of supported security rates on that exchange are effectively relevant with real-time pricing.Depending upon where you reside, an exchange may be referred to as a bourse or a share exchange while, as a whole, exchanges are present within the majority of countries. Who is Listed on an Exchange?As trading continues to transition more to electronic exchanges, transactions become more dispersed through varying exchanges. This in turn has caused a surge in the implementation of trading algorithms and high-frequency trading applications. In order for a company to be listed on a stock exchange for example, a company must divulge information such as minimum capital requirements, audited earnings reports, and financial reports.Not all exchanges are created equally, with some outperforming other exchanges significantly. The most high-profile exchanges to date include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), the London Stock Exchange (LSE), and the Nasdaq. Outside of trading, a stock exchange may be used by companies aiming to raise capital, this is most commonly seen in the form of initial public offerings (IPOs).Exchanges can now handle other asset classes, given the rise of cryptocurrencies as a more popularized form of trading. Read this Term Commission (SEC), has imposed sanctions on eight broker-dealer and financial advisory companies for lapses in their cybersecurity policies and measures. Though eight entities were named, only three groups are controlling them.

The names of all these entities are Cetera Advisor Networks LLC, Cetera Investment Services LLC, Cetera Financial Specialists LLC, Cetera Advisors LLC and Cetera Investment Advisers LLC (collectively, the Cetera Entities), Cambridge Investment Research Inc. and Cambridge Investment Research Advisors Inc. (collectively, Cambridge) and KMS Financial Services Inc. (KMS).

Announced on Monday, failures in cybersecurity in the companies resulted in the takeover of email accounts that exposed the personal information of thousands of customers and clients of each firm.

Were the Lapses Ignored?

According to the SEC,  Cloud  Cloud The cloud or cloud computing helps provides data and applications that can be accessed from nearly any location in the world so long as a stable Internet connection exists. Categorized into three cloud services, cloud computing is segmented into Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). In terms of trading, the versatility of the cloud service allows retail traders the ability to test out new trading strategies, backtest pre-existing concepts performing run time series analysis (or trend analysis), and execute trades in real-time.Advantages of Cloud Computing in TradingAn advantage that stems from cloud computing would be that entities don’t need to construct a data center infrastructure themselves.Instead, entities can conduct trials and perform refinements, and should no solutions pan out then the cloud may be shut down while the payment terminated at the same time. This methodology of renting virtual space and time in cloud tends to be far more appealing than the costs, time, and resources required with constructing hardware and software infrastructures.These also happen to be the exact concept used in SaaS with trading related software.While executing trades via the cloud is an important capability to keep intact, most retail traders are drawn to the cloud for the research, backtesting, and analytics advantages that stem from using the cloud. In forex, traders that use Expert Advisors (EAs) and automated trading software are uploading their solutions onto a broker’s cloud account. The cloud is an ecosystem for multiple industries, sectors, and niches. Its versatility has not been peaked while in trading many retail traders are transitioning to cloud computing as a means to reduce expenditures, optimize efficiency, and maximize available resources. The cloud or cloud computing helps provides data and applications that can be accessed from nearly any location in the world so long as a stable Internet connection exists. Categorized into three cloud services, cloud computing is segmented into Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). In terms of trading, the versatility of the cloud service allows retail traders the ability to test out new trading strategies, backtest pre-existing concepts performing run time series analysis (or trend analysis), and execute trades in real-time.Advantages of Cloud Computing in TradingAn advantage that stems from cloud computing would be that entities don’t need to construct a data center infrastructure themselves.Instead, entities can conduct trials and perform refinements, and should no solutions pan out then the cloud may be shut down while the payment terminated at the same time. This methodology of renting virtual space and time in cloud tends to be far more appealing than the costs, time, and resources required with constructing hardware and software infrastructures.These also happen to be the exact concept used in SaaS with trading related software.While executing trades via the cloud is an important capability to keep intact, most retail traders are drawn to the cloud for the research, backtesting, and analytics advantages that stem from using the cloud. In forex, traders that use Expert Advisors (EAs) and automated trading software are uploading their solutions onto a broker’s cloud account. The cloud is an ecosystem for multiple industries, sectors, and niches. Its versatility has not been peaked while in trading many retail traders are transitioning to cloud computing as a means to reduce expenditures, optimize efficiency, and maximize available resources. Read this Term-based email accounts of more than 60 Cetera staff were compromised between November 2017 and June 2020 as they were not secured as the company policies require. Breaches of over 121 Cambridge representatives happened between January 2018 and July 2021, and breaches at KMS occurred between September 2018 and December 2019.

The violation of Cetera emails exposed at least 4,388 of its customers and clients, while for Cambridge and KMS the exposed emails were numbered at 2,177 and 4,900 respectively.

The market watchdog has brought charges against these entities for multiple regulatory violations and penalized them: Cetera Entities with $300,000, Cambridge with $250,000 and KMS with $200,000. Though the companies agreed to cease and desist, they neither agreed nor denied the allegations.

“Investment advisers and broker-dealers must fulfill their obligations concerning the protection of customer information,” Kristina Littman, Chief of the SEC Enforcement Division's Cyber Unit, said. “It is not enough to write a policy requiring enhanced security measures if those requirements are not implemented or are only partially implemented, especially in the face of known attacks.”