Things are only getting more difficult for the content creators bringing in billions of dollars in revenue for the platforms
FM
To many people, being a “YouTuber” is the dream job. Rather than waking up early to head to the office, you can sleep in until noon and work on your own time, uploading videos as you please.
Whether you like playing video games all day or creating makeup tutorials, there’s really something for everyone on the platform. And in case being your own boss wasn’t enough, top creators are making enough every year to make even some of the highest paid professions envious.
With that in mind, it’s not surprising that so many kids today are dreaming less about becoming professional athletes and movie stars and more about becoming famous on the platform now owned by Alphabet.
However, content creators on platforms like YouTube, Twitch, Facebook, and Instagram are no longer finding things as preferable as they once were. In fact, things are only getting more difficult for the content creators bringing in billions of dollars in revenue for the platforms, not less.
In 2017, YouTube rolled out changes to its policies around monetization and content requirements for creators, a change that would later become known by the community as the “Adpocalyspe.”
Many popular YouTube channels saw significant decreases in revenue as the platform tightened up its rules regarding monetized content. Now, content creators across platforms are witnessing more monetization pains as they begin looking to other platforms for potential improvements.
At a time when many are complaining that Alphabet’s YouTube needs legitimate competition, here are some of the platforms looking to take on the new media giant.
Censorship and Fees
Besides YouTube’s so-called “Adpocalypse,” creators on various platforms continue to struggle with a combination of censorship and high fees. Patreon, a platform designed to enable viewers to subscribe and contribute to content creators directly, has recently come under fire for recent moves to ban many account holders.
When the platform was first introduced, consumers used it as a way of supporting their favorite content creators in the post-adpocalypse internet directly without worrying about content being non-advertiser friendly. However, as time progresses, many creators are learning of the limitations of the service.
Dr. Jordan Peterson, UToronto Pscyhology professor-turned internet sensation, recently left Patreon in protest of its censorship policy
After a series of decisions by Patreon to close the accounts of some well-known political and social commentators, some large names left the platform, citing issues with the political bias of the company.
Now, even the tool that was intended to circumvent the more traditional system of YouTube monetization is bringing more restrictions to its user base, leaving both content creators and consumers looking for more options.
Though enormous centralized platforms like YouTube, Facebook, and Patreon have impressive resources for handling their vast number of users, they also fall short from time to time.
In the past, Patreon has had some issues with payment processing that resulted in large headaches for creators expecting to be paid and that was only months after the platform announced a change to its fee structure placing the burden of processing fees on patrons — a change that would ultimately be rolled back after public backlash.
At the same time, YouTube comes with its own set of issues for creators. The platform is notorious for not giving away too much information about its video-picking algorithm that decides what content users see in their suggestions.
For creators whose channels (and paychecks) live and die by the algorithm, this forces creators to produce constantly to keep up and, in some cases, ultimately burnout.
Couple that with the adpocalypse and the fact that creators are only seeing half of the ad revenue they generate for the platform and it’s easy to see why some creators find things difficult.
Is There Any Real Competition?
Both creators and consumers can complain about fees, limiting policies and concerns about censorship, but the greater issue lies in the lack of competition platforms like YouTube, Facebook and Patreon have.
With a company as large as Alphabet, it’s difficult to see any real alternatives to YouTube for creators, but that doesn’t mean it’s not possible. In fact, there are now some interesting new players in the online content creation space looking to capitalize on the frustration and headaches users have with the current status quo.
In response to the large centralized platforms, new decentralized options are entering the space to offer alternatives.
One of the more well-known platforms to start competing in the space is Steemit. The Reddit-like platform allows users to post content on whatever subject matter interests them and the community works to “curate” content via an upvote system.
However, to keep more users engaged and utilizing the site, Steemit has its own cryptocurrency that pays users for their interaction and content creation.
Users spend these tokens as a way of directly contributing to creators they enjoy the most and help to amplify their content for more viewers. The interesting part is that users don’t need to pay for the tokens they spend on the platform; instead, there’s a base UBI received every day allowing for amplifying and supporting creators free of charge.
Looking Forward
Ultimately, the more frustration and limitations large platforms place on creators, the more likely the industry is to see the rise of legitimate competition. At a time when being a famous YouTuber or other online personality is both so appealing and yet so difficult, consumers and creators both are turning to alternatives.
Given the nature of these large platforms, it’s looking more and more like the solution is likely to come from a decentralized platform that’s able to put the influence and power back into the hands of creators and consumers since they’re the reason for the revenue in the first place.
The real question now is which one will it be?
Disclaimer: This is a contributed article and should not be taken as investment advice
To many people, being a “YouTuber” is the dream job. Rather than waking up early to head to the office, you can sleep in until noon and work on your own time, uploading videos as you please.
Whether you like playing video games all day or creating makeup tutorials, there’s really something for everyone on the platform. And in case being your own boss wasn’t enough, top creators are making enough every year to make even some of the highest paid professions envious.
With that in mind, it’s not surprising that so many kids today are dreaming less about becoming professional athletes and movie stars and more about becoming famous on the platform now owned by Alphabet.
However, content creators on platforms like YouTube, Twitch, Facebook, and Instagram are no longer finding things as preferable as they once were. In fact, things are only getting more difficult for the content creators bringing in billions of dollars in revenue for the platforms, not less.
In 2017, YouTube rolled out changes to its policies around monetization and content requirements for creators, a change that would later become known by the community as the “Adpocalyspe.”
Many popular YouTube channels saw significant decreases in revenue as the platform tightened up its rules regarding monetized content. Now, content creators across platforms are witnessing more monetization pains as they begin looking to other platforms for potential improvements.
At a time when many are complaining that Alphabet’s YouTube needs legitimate competition, here are some of the platforms looking to take on the new media giant.
Censorship and Fees
Besides YouTube’s so-called “Adpocalypse,” creators on various platforms continue to struggle with a combination of censorship and high fees. Patreon, a platform designed to enable viewers to subscribe and contribute to content creators directly, has recently come under fire for recent moves to ban many account holders.
When the platform was first introduced, consumers used it as a way of supporting their favorite content creators in the post-adpocalypse internet directly without worrying about content being non-advertiser friendly. However, as time progresses, many creators are learning of the limitations of the service.
Dr. Jordan Peterson, UToronto Pscyhology professor-turned internet sensation, recently left Patreon in protest of its censorship policy
After a series of decisions by Patreon to close the accounts of some well-known political and social commentators, some large names left the platform, citing issues with the political bias of the company.
Now, even the tool that was intended to circumvent the more traditional system of YouTube monetization is bringing more restrictions to its user base, leaving both content creators and consumers looking for more options.
Though enormous centralized platforms like YouTube, Facebook, and Patreon have impressive resources for handling their vast number of users, they also fall short from time to time.
In the past, Patreon has had some issues with payment processing that resulted in large headaches for creators expecting to be paid and that was only months after the platform announced a change to its fee structure placing the burden of processing fees on patrons — a change that would ultimately be rolled back after public backlash.
At the same time, YouTube comes with its own set of issues for creators. The platform is notorious for not giving away too much information about its video-picking algorithm that decides what content users see in their suggestions.
For creators whose channels (and paychecks) live and die by the algorithm, this forces creators to produce constantly to keep up and, in some cases, ultimately burnout.
Couple that with the adpocalypse and the fact that creators are only seeing half of the ad revenue they generate for the platform and it’s easy to see why some creators find things difficult.
Is There Any Real Competition?
Both creators and consumers can complain about fees, limiting policies and concerns about censorship, but the greater issue lies in the lack of competition platforms like YouTube, Facebook and Patreon have.
With a company as large as Alphabet, it’s difficult to see any real alternatives to YouTube for creators, but that doesn’t mean it’s not possible. In fact, there are now some interesting new players in the online content creation space looking to capitalize on the frustration and headaches users have with the current status quo.
In response to the large centralized platforms, new decentralized options are entering the space to offer alternatives.
One of the more well-known platforms to start competing in the space is Steemit. The Reddit-like platform allows users to post content on whatever subject matter interests them and the community works to “curate” content via an upvote system.
However, to keep more users engaged and utilizing the site, Steemit has its own cryptocurrency that pays users for their interaction and content creation.
Users spend these tokens as a way of directly contributing to creators they enjoy the most and help to amplify their content for more viewers. The interesting part is that users don’t need to pay for the tokens they spend on the platform; instead, there’s a base UBI received every day allowing for amplifying and supporting creators free of charge.
Looking Forward
Ultimately, the more frustration and limitations large platforms place on creators, the more likely the industry is to see the rise of legitimate competition. At a time when being a famous YouTuber or other online personality is both so appealing and yet so difficult, consumers and creators both are turning to alternatives.
Given the nature of these large platforms, it’s looking more and more like the solution is likely to come from a decentralized platform that’s able to put the influence and power back into the hands of creators and consumers since they’re the reason for the revenue in the first place.
The real question now is which one will it be?
Disclaimer: This is a contributed article and should not be taken as investment advice
Panda Trading Systems Marks Its 20th Year as a Diamond Sponsor of iFX EXPO 2026
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FM Daily Brief – 9 June 2026
FM Daily Brief – 9 June 2026
FM Daily Brief – 9 June 2026
FM Daily Brief – 9 June 2026
Today’s Tuesday, the 9th of June 2026, and these are our main stories: eToro’s customer assets climbed back above $20 billion, Prop trading model in prediction markets, and Leverate launched a new AI assistant for brokers and traders.
Today’s Tuesday, the 9th of June 2026, and these are our main stories: eToro’s customer assets climbed back above $20 billion, Prop trading model in prediction markets, and Leverate launched a new AI assistant for brokers and traders.
Today’s Tuesday, the 9th of June 2026, and these are our main stories: eToro’s customer assets climbed back above $20 billion, Prop trading model in prediction markets, and Leverate launched a new AI assistant for brokers and traders.
Today’s Tuesday, the 9th of June 2026, and these are our main stories: eToro’s customer assets climbed back above $20 billion, Prop trading model in prediction markets, and Leverate launched a new AI assistant for brokers and traders.
War Stories: Lessons from 20 Years in Markets (the pain, the pitfalls and the profits)
War Stories: Lessons from 20 Years in Markets (the pain, the pitfalls and the profits)
War Stories: Lessons from 20 Years in Markets (the pain, the pitfalls and the profits)
War Stories: Lessons from 20 Years in Markets (the pain, the pitfalls and the profits)
War Stories: Lessons from 20 Years in Markets (the pain, the pitfalls and the profits)
War Stories: Lessons from 20 Years in Markets (the pain, the pitfalls and the profits)
The trades that taught me the most aren't the ones that worked. They're the ones that didn't — or the ones I almost caught and didn't have the nerve to ride. In this session, I'll tell you about the Brexit miss, the SNB shocker that nearly handed me a 5400% return, the BoJ surprise that punched me in the gut, and a few wins along the way. Each story carries a lesson, but the lessons aren't the point. Everyone who trades long enough collects a portfolio of moments like these; what separates the people who stay in the game is what they do with them.
The trades that taught me the most aren't the ones that worked. They're the ones that didn't — or the ones I almost caught and didn't have the nerve to ride. In this session, I'll tell you about the Brexit miss, the SNB shocker that nearly handed me a 5400% return, the BoJ surprise that punched me in the gut, and a few wins along the way. Each story carries a lesson, but the lessons aren't the point. Everyone who trades long enough collects a portfolio of moments like these; what separates the people who stay in the game is what they do with them.
The trades that taught me the most aren't the ones that worked. They're the ones that didn't — or the ones I almost caught and didn't have the nerve to ride. In this session, I'll tell you about the Brexit miss, the SNB shocker that nearly handed me a 5400% return, the BoJ surprise that punched me in the gut, and a few wins along the way. Each story carries a lesson, but the lessons aren't the point. Everyone who trades long enough collects a portfolio of moments like these; what separates the people who stay in the game is what they do with them.
The trades that taught me the most aren't the ones that worked. They're the ones that didn't — or the ones I almost caught and didn't have the nerve to ride. In this session, I'll tell you about the Brexit miss, the SNB shocker that nearly handed me a 5400% return, the BoJ surprise that punched me in the gut, and a few wins along the way. Each story carries a lesson, but the lessons aren't the point. Everyone who trades long enough collects a portfolio of moments like these; what separates the people who stay in the game is what they do with them.
The trades that taught me the most aren't the ones that worked. They're the ones that didn't — or the ones I almost caught and didn't have the nerve to ride. In this session, I'll tell you about the Brexit miss, the SNB shocker that nearly handed me a 5400% return, the BoJ surprise that punched me in the gut, and a few wins along the way. Each story carries a lesson, but the lessons aren't the point. Everyone who trades long enough collects a portfolio of moments like these; what separates the people who stay in the game is what they do with them.
The trades that taught me the most aren't the ones that worked. They're the ones that didn't — or the ones I almost caught and didn't have the nerve to ride. In this session, I'll tell you about the Brexit miss, the SNB shocker that nearly handed me a 5400% return, the BoJ surprise that punched me in the gut, and a few wins along the way. Each story carries a lesson, but the lessons aren't the point. Everyone who trades long enough collects a portfolio of moments like these; what separates the people who stay in the game is what they do with them.
The Engine and the Fuel: How AI & Data Drives African Future
The Engine and the Fuel: How AI & Data Drives African Future
The Engine and the Fuel: How AI & Data Drives African Future
The Engine and the Fuel: How AI & Data Drives African Future
The Engine and the Fuel: How AI & Data Drives African Future
The Engine and the Fuel: How AI & Data Drives African Future
If AI is the engine, data is the fuel. Without quality, accessible data, AI cannot work well; and without the right mindset, data remains just numbers instead of insight. In this session, leading experts will explore how AI and data are democratizing opportunities for businesses and personal growth. Discover practical ways to make AI accessible today, anticipate its transformative impact on African markets, and learn actionable steps to prepare for what's next. Let's talk about:
-How AI and data drive business efficiency and innovation in trading and fintech
-AI tools to elevate trading or business strategies
-How to access and maximise the power of data and AI
-Emerging AI and data trends in Africa and their economic ripple effects
If AI is the engine, data is the fuel. Without quality, accessible data, AI cannot work well; and without the right mindset, data remains just numbers instead of insight. In this session, leading experts will explore how AI and data are democratizing opportunities for businesses and personal growth. Discover practical ways to make AI accessible today, anticipate its transformative impact on African markets, and learn actionable steps to prepare for what's next. Let's talk about:
-How AI and data drive business efficiency and innovation in trading and fintech
-AI tools to elevate trading or business strategies
-How to access and maximise the power of data and AI
-Emerging AI and data trends in Africa and their economic ripple effects
If AI is the engine, data is the fuel. Without quality, accessible data, AI cannot work well; and without the right mindset, data remains just numbers instead of insight. In this session, leading experts will explore how AI and data are democratizing opportunities for businesses and personal growth. Discover practical ways to make AI accessible today, anticipate its transformative impact on African markets, and learn actionable steps to prepare for what's next. Let's talk about:
-How AI and data drive business efficiency and innovation in trading and fintech
-AI tools to elevate trading or business strategies
-How to access and maximise the power of data and AI
-Emerging AI and data trends in Africa and their economic ripple effects
If AI is the engine, data is the fuel. Without quality, accessible data, AI cannot work well; and without the right mindset, data remains just numbers instead of insight. In this session, leading experts will explore how AI and data are democratizing opportunities for businesses and personal growth. Discover practical ways to make AI accessible today, anticipate its transformative impact on African markets, and learn actionable steps to prepare for what's next. Let's talk about:
-How AI and data drive business efficiency and innovation in trading and fintech
-AI tools to elevate trading or business strategies
-How to access and maximise the power of data and AI
-Emerging AI and data trends in Africa and their economic ripple effects
If AI is the engine, data is the fuel. Without quality, accessible data, AI cannot work well; and without the right mindset, data remains just numbers instead of insight. In this session, leading experts will explore how AI and data are democratizing opportunities for businesses and personal growth. Discover practical ways to make AI accessible today, anticipate its transformative impact on African markets, and learn actionable steps to prepare for what's next. Let's talk about:
-How AI and data drive business efficiency and innovation in trading and fintech
-AI tools to elevate trading or business strategies
-How to access and maximise the power of data and AI
-Emerging AI and data trends in Africa and their economic ripple effects
If AI is the engine, data is the fuel. Without quality, accessible data, AI cannot work well; and without the right mindset, data remains just numbers instead of insight. In this session, leading experts will explore how AI and data are democratizing opportunities for businesses and personal growth. Discover practical ways to make AI accessible today, anticipate its transformative impact on African markets, and learn actionable steps to prepare for what's next. Let's talk about:
-How AI and data drive business efficiency and innovation in trading and fintech
-AI tools to elevate trading or business strategies
-How to access and maximise the power of data and AI
-Emerging AI and data trends in Africa and their economic ripple effects
Inside My Best Trade with Jimmy Moyaha
Inside My Best Trade with Jimmy Moyaha
Inside My Best Trade with Jimmy Moyaha
Inside My Best Trade with Jimmy Moyaha
Inside My Best Trade with Jimmy Moyaha
Inside My Best Trade with Jimmy Moyaha
Most market post-mortems describe what happened to prices. Few describe what happened in the trading room while the position was open: the entry conviction, the moments that tested it, and the exit decision that closed the book.
This session brings one seasoned trader to the stage for an unfiltered account of the position that still defines how they think about markets.
Attendees will walk away with:
-A first-hand account of how a conviction trade is built, from thesis and entry through position management and exit
-Understanding of what turns a market observation into a live position, and what holds it when conditions shift
-Insight into how timing, execution quality, and market structure shaped the final result
-Perspective on what the trade revealed about edge, risk tolerance, and when to hold through a position moving against you
-Clarity on what separates a well-built trade from a well-timed one
Most market post-mortems describe what happened to prices. Few describe what happened in the trading room while the position was open: the entry conviction, the moments that tested it, and the exit decision that closed the book.
This session brings one seasoned trader to the stage for an unfiltered account of the position that still defines how they think about markets.
Attendees will walk away with:
-A first-hand account of how a conviction trade is built, from thesis and entry through position management and exit
-Understanding of what turns a market observation into a live position, and what holds it when conditions shift
-Insight into how timing, execution quality, and market structure shaped the final result
-Perspective on what the trade revealed about edge, risk tolerance, and when to hold through a position moving against you
-Clarity on what separates a well-built trade from a well-timed one
Most market post-mortems describe what happened to prices. Few describe what happened in the trading room while the position was open: the entry conviction, the moments that tested it, and the exit decision that closed the book.
This session brings one seasoned trader to the stage for an unfiltered account of the position that still defines how they think about markets.
Attendees will walk away with:
-A first-hand account of how a conviction trade is built, from thesis and entry through position management and exit
-Understanding of what turns a market observation into a live position, and what holds it when conditions shift
-Insight into how timing, execution quality, and market structure shaped the final result
-Perspective on what the trade revealed about edge, risk tolerance, and when to hold through a position moving against you
-Clarity on what separates a well-built trade from a well-timed one
Most market post-mortems describe what happened to prices. Few describe what happened in the trading room while the position was open: the entry conviction, the moments that tested it, and the exit decision that closed the book.
This session brings one seasoned trader to the stage for an unfiltered account of the position that still defines how they think about markets.
Attendees will walk away with:
-A first-hand account of how a conviction trade is built, from thesis and entry through position management and exit
-Understanding of what turns a market observation into a live position, and what holds it when conditions shift
-Insight into how timing, execution quality, and market structure shaped the final result
-Perspective on what the trade revealed about edge, risk tolerance, and when to hold through a position moving against you
-Clarity on what separates a well-built trade from a well-timed one
Most market post-mortems describe what happened to prices. Few describe what happened in the trading room while the position was open: the entry conviction, the moments that tested it, and the exit decision that closed the book.
This session brings one seasoned trader to the stage for an unfiltered account of the position that still defines how they think about markets.
Attendees will walk away with:
-A first-hand account of how a conviction trade is built, from thesis and entry through position management and exit
-Understanding of what turns a market observation into a live position, and what holds it when conditions shift
-Insight into how timing, execution quality, and market structure shaped the final result
-Perspective on what the trade revealed about edge, risk tolerance, and when to hold through a position moving against you
-Clarity on what separates a well-built trade from a well-timed one
Most market post-mortems describe what happened to prices. Few describe what happened in the trading room while the position was open: the entry conviction, the moments that tested it, and the exit decision that closed the book.
This session brings one seasoned trader to the stage for an unfiltered account of the position that still defines how they think about markets.
Attendees will walk away with:
-A first-hand account of how a conviction trade is built, from thesis and entry through position management and exit
-Understanding of what turns a market observation into a live position, and what holds it when conditions shift
-Insight into how timing, execution quality, and market structure shaped the final result
-Perspective on what the trade revealed about edge, risk tolerance, and when to hold through a position moving against you
-Clarity on what separates a well-built trade from a well-timed one
Agentic Inequality: Democratizing Financial Access Through AI & Blockchain
Agentic Inequality: Democratizing Financial Access Through AI & Blockchain
Agentic Inequality: Democratizing Financial Access Through AI & Blockchain
Agentic Inequality: Democratizing Financial Access Through AI & Blockchain
Agentic Inequality: Democratizing Financial Access Through AI & Blockchain
Agentic Inequality: Democratizing Financial Access Through AI & Blockchain
As crypto and CFD trading continue to expand across Africa, access to advanced tools and market insights remains uneven. This session explores how AI and blockchain can bridge that gap by empowering informal traders and underserved communities to participate more effectively in digital financial markets. The discussion will focus on practical applications of technology to improve accessibility, education, and investment outcomes in both formal and informal sectors.
In this discussion, we will explore:
-The role of AI in democratizing access to trading tools, insights, and strategy development
-How crypto and blockchain can enable broader participation beyond traditional financial systems
-Addressing access barriers: infrastructure, education, and affordability in underserved communities
-Opportunities for brokers and platforms to tap into the informal trading economy
As crypto and CFD trading continue to expand across Africa, access to advanced tools and market insights remains uneven. This session explores how AI and blockchain can bridge that gap by empowering informal traders and underserved communities to participate more effectively in digital financial markets. The discussion will focus on practical applications of technology to improve accessibility, education, and investment outcomes in both formal and informal sectors.
In this discussion, we will explore:
-The role of AI in democratizing access to trading tools, insights, and strategy development
-How crypto and blockchain can enable broader participation beyond traditional financial systems
-Addressing access barriers: infrastructure, education, and affordability in underserved communities
-Opportunities for brokers and platforms to tap into the informal trading economy
As crypto and CFD trading continue to expand across Africa, access to advanced tools and market insights remains uneven. This session explores how AI and blockchain can bridge that gap by empowering informal traders and underserved communities to participate more effectively in digital financial markets. The discussion will focus on practical applications of technology to improve accessibility, education, and investment outcomes in both formal and informal sectors.
In this discussion, we will explore:
-The role of AI in democratizing access to trading tools, insights, and strategy development
-How crypto and blockchain can enable broader participation beyond traditional financial systems
-Addressing access barriers: infrastructure, education, and affordability in underserved communities
-Opportunities for brokers and platforms to tap into the informal trading economy
As crypto and CFD trading continue to expand across Africa, access to advanced tools and market insights remains uneven. This session explores how AI and blockchain can bridge that gap by empowering informal traders and underserved communities to participate more effectively in digital financial markets. The discussion will focus on practical applications of technology to improve accessibility, education, and investment outcomes in both formal and informal sectors.
In this discussion, we will explore:
-The role of AI in democratizing access to trading tools, insights, and strategy development
-How crypto and blockchain can enable broader participation beyond traditional financial systems
-Addressing access barriers: infrastructure, education, and affordability in underserved communities
-Opportunities for brokers and platforms to tap into the informal trading economy
As crypto and CFD trading continue to expand across Africa, access to advanced tools and market insights remains uneven. This session explores how AI and blockchain can bridge that gap by empowering informal traders and underserved communities to participate more effectively in digital financial markets. The discussion will focus on practical applications of technology to improve accessibility, education, and investment outcomes in both formal and informal sectors.
In this discussion, we will explore:
-The role of AI in democratizing access to trading tools, insights, and strategy development
-How crypto and blockchain can enable broader participation beyond traditional financial systems
-Addressing access barriers: infrastructure, education, and affordability in underserved communities
-Opportunities for brokers and platforms to tap into the informal trading economy
As crypto and CFD trading continue to expand across Africa, access to advanced tools and market insights remains uneven. This session explores how AI and blockchain can bridge that gap by empowering informal traders and underserved communities to participate more effectively in digital financial markets. The discussion will focus on practical applications of technology to improve accessibility, education, and investment outcomes in both formal and informal sectors.
In this discussion, we will explore:
-The role of AI in democratizing access to trading tools, insights, and strategy development
-How crypto and blockchain can enable broader participation beyond traditional financial systems
-Addressing access barriers: infrastructure, education, and affordability in underserved communities
-Opportunities for brokers and platforms to tap into the informal trading economy