Executive Interview: Sanjay Madgavkar Global Head - FX Prime Services At Citibank

Prime brokers are at the top of the food chain in the FX industry and Citi is the biggest player in this high-end segment according to market share.

For this edition of The Executive Interview Forex Magnates had the honor to host in our offices for an interview Sanjay, Madgavkar Managing Director, Global Head - FX Prime Services, Citibank Institutional Clients Group.

You have been managing the Prime Brokerage business for about two years now, what is the main difference from margin trading which you were managing before?

The primary and most obvious difference is that Prime Brokerage deals with institutional clients while margin FX trading clients are retail and mid-market clients. So the needs and level of sophistication and level of knowledge are of course very different. Typically, at the heart of both businesses are that clients want to trade against a credit facility or collateral, but they want to trade in very different ways. On the Prime Brokerage side we have Macro hedge funds, high frequency traders, retail brokers, and agency businesses, all of whom come to us for market access. These clients are able to maintain relationships with Liquidity Liquidity The term liquidity refers to the process, speed, and ease of which a given asset or security can be converted into cash. Notably, liquidity surmises a retention in market price, with the most liquid assets representing cash.The most liquid asset of all is cash itself.· In economics, liquidity is defined by how efficiently and quickly an asset can be converted into usable cash without materially affecting its market price. · Nothing is more liquid than cash, while other assets represent The term liquidity refers to the process, speed, and ease of which a given asset or security can be converted into cash. Notably, liquidity surmises a retention in market price, with the most liquid assets representing cash.The most liquid asset of all is cash itself.· In economics, liquidity is defined by how efficiently and quickly an asset can be converted into usable cash without materially affecting its market price. · Nothing is more liquid than cash, while other assets represent Read this Term providers, which are usually the major banks, but yet have all the collateral and all their trading done with one counterparty – that is, Citi. On the retail and mid-market side, our clients have different needs. They want tightly priced liquidity but don’t particularly want or need relationships with a lot of liquidity providers. But what they need is research, technical analysis tools and all the things that can help them trade. So, very different markets in many ways, but obviously at the very heart of each market is people who want the ability to trade against a credit facility or cash collateral.

So institutional clients don't expect you to bring them analysis or information, they just want the liquidity and that’s it?

They don’t want that from the prime broker, as that is primarily a clearing and credit relationship. They get their research from the executing brokers as well as from professional data providers, such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

What is the process for a broker to set up a relationship with Citi as its prime broker?

A Retail FX broker looking for a PB (Prime Broker) relationship will typically approach us to see what we can offer. We’ll understand their needs and make sure they meet our requirements. Once we decide to go ahead, we will understand the technology required to process trades. We have to be very careful about Risk Management Risk Management One of the most common terms utilized by brokers, risk management refers to the practice of identifying potential risks in advance. Most commonly, this also involves the analysis of risk and the undertaking of precautionary steps to both mitigate and prevent for such risk.Such efforts are essential for brokers and venues in the finance industry, given the potential for fallout in the face of unforeseen events or crises. Given a more tightly regulated environment across nearly every asset class, One of the most common terms utilized by brokers, risk management refers to the practice of identifying potential risks in advance. Most commonly, this also involves the analysis of risk and the undertaking of precautionary steps to both mitigate and prevent for such risk.Such efforts are essential for brokers and venues in the finance industry, given the potential for fallout in the face of unforeseen events or crises. Given a more tightly regulated environment across nearly every asset class, Read this Term because unlike in margin FX where you execute only on your platform, in the prime brokerage context they are executing over as many as a dozen platforms all of which will send us trade messages, so we have to collect all this information to get an real time understanding of the client’s risk. Once we have the technology discussion, we are satisfied and then we go ahead with the on-boarding process which includes appropriateness checks like KYC and AML. Then we get the credit approval for the facility and begin transacting. And that typically takes two weeks to sometimes a couple of months.

It’s assumed to require about USD25 million as a minimum to set up a PB relationship, is this correct?

It really depends on the kind of volume and the kind of risk limit required. If the risk limit is relatively small and it’s well controlled via technology, we could accept a smaller client. But on average our clients are of course much larger than that.

How do institutional traders access the market? What platform do they use?

Institutional users typically have three ways of accessing the market electronically. They could use single-dealer platforms, they could use ECNs, or they could deploy in-house aggregators, usually through third party vendors operated within their own technology infrastructure. Single-dealer platforms, like Citi FX Velocity are offered by major banks. That source, however, provides liquidity from just that institution. Then you have four or five popular ECNs which clients tend to use quite frequently in conjunction with single dealer platforms. These venues may have API links, but you can just use their GUI if you want to transact in that manner. And the third is of course your in-house technology which could use a third party vendor to build an aggregating device that accepts API feeds from several banks or liquidity providers including aggregators. And that’s typically how institutional users could access the market.

How do you see Citi’s position in the segment, is it possible to grow more?

As a prime broker, we believe we are a leading provider in a competitive field and we have earned an excellent market share by listening to our clients and making them the center of everything we do. We have a strong presence in each of the major four segments, macro traders, high frequency traders, retail brokers and agencies. I think we have grown a lot over the last couple of years. I am confident we’ll continue to grow based on our client-centered philosophy. The primary strength of our offerings is two-fold. One is the client coverage that we provide, which consists of generally very high quality, knowledgeable people covering clients. The second is our technology platform called “Click” which our clients find very user friendly and functional compared to other products out there. These two factors primarily attract clients to us and has given us a leading position in the prime brokerage space.

Is FX attracting to PB new players such as real money funds or just mainly global macro funds?

Global macro funds are our largest single client segment. Macro funds tend to need the level of sophistication that we provide. They want to trade in several venues; they need to trade a wide range of products, not just spot and forward FX - they often need to trade complex products. Real money managers have not yet embraced prime brokerage for a whole host of reasons. But we can see in the market that there are quite a few electronic execution solutions that are approaching real money managers and many of these do require prime brokers. But at this point, we really don’t see all that much prime brokered flow coming from real money managers.

Is the type of FX flow you handle something that is important to a PB?

As a prime broker, we don’t hold market risk. We simply stand in the middle of a price maker and a price taker or any two parties to a trade. So we always have equal and matching trade and we are not in the business of taking market risk.

Some trading venues have been discouraging HFT recently, what's your view on HFT flow as a PB?

Again we are not in the business of taking risk as we clear HFT flow, we don’t take market risk related to it. So as far as we are concerned as prime brokers, high frequency clients are a growing client segment for us in our capacity as credit intermediaries. They have increased their presence quite a lot over the last five or six years in particular. I think they are here to stay.

Where do you see the most growth in FX derivatives and FX options?

FX derivatives volumes have grown a lot over the last few years. Many clients, particularly in the hedge fund space, have an interest in a wide range of derivatives from plain vanilla options and exotic options to customized structured products because they tailor their product based on their specific market view. We in Citi FX Prime Brokerage accept a wide range of options and we are continuously enhancing the range of products that we can take so that if you want to transact a complex product with one of your executing brokers who is willing to make you a price, we will book it. And our reporting platform Click will provide that information to you and we will value it for you. Do I think that the trend will continue? Yes I do think so. I think it’s a very important part of market.

How do you see the move toward central clearing for FX?

As far as clearing is concerned, we don’t know yet of the timeline but we hear in the media that an announcement is regarding mandatory clearing of NDFs in getting closer.

How popular are Binary Options instruments for institutional investors?

It is a commonly traded product. If the client has a certain view of the market they may want to use various derivatives based on binary options, like double-no-touches and reverse-knock-out and knock-in options. They are very popular and actually have been popular for many years. These binaries tend to be very different than retail binaries which trade over very short term tenors.

Do you see much new demand for PB business from emerging markets FX and especially Asia?

There seems to be more and more interest in emerging markets in large part for two reasons. One is there is a natural interest as capital flows increase and need to be hedged properly. Secondly, a lot of hedge funds and other participants in the market are interested in minimally correlated currency exposure. So they tend to look for other sources of alpha where there is uncorrelated price movement and reasonably good liquidity conditions. As emerging markets grow in popularity, I think that fills the need. So we are seeing greater interest in growing EM currencies. As a prime broker, we see that quite a lot.