The US Securities and Exchange Commission has fined Robinhood $65 million over its failure to fully disclose its practice of selling clients’ orders to  Market Makers  Market Makers Market makers or called dealing desk brokers represent a type of broker that internalize flows and are taking the opposite side of a transaction submitted by their clients. The market making broker is only quoting a feed of prices to its clients. These feeds may or may not be the exact same as the prices quoted on the interbank market.Any order a client enters is processed internally and never goes out to the market, except in rare cases where a market making brokerage identifies a client as a very high risk and chooses to route the flow to another liquidity provider.Such brokers are typically providing very quick execution, however an inherent conflict of interest is possible due to the fact that the brokers is making the bulk of its profits from client losses.Role of Market Makers in FX IndustryIn the FX space, a market maker quotes two-way prices for tradable currency pairs. In doing so these market makers quite literally make the market. In particular, a forex market maker performs three specific tasks.This includes setting bid and offer prices within a given currency pair, committing to accepting deals at these prices within certain constraints, and taking the resulting exposure on to their own book.In terms of accounting for this exposure onto their book, market makers can opt to hedge the exposure with another bank, pending favorable rates. How quickly or slowly, or how much risk they lay off will be at their own discretion.Market makers can make profit through several techniques. If these entities identify enough flow at both sides of their quote, they can simply collect the bid offer spread.Consequently, market makers can net off their exposure. Presently, large banks see huge flows of foreign currency transactions from their operations around the world in a multi trillion-dollar-a-day industry. Market makers or called dealing desk brokers represent a type of broker that internalize flows and are taking the opposite side of a transaction submitted by their clients. The market making broker is only quoting a feed of prices to its clients. These feeds may or may not be the exact same as the prices quoted on the interbank market.Any order a client enters is processed internally and never goes out to the market, except in rare cases where a market making brokerage identifies a client as a very high risk and chooses to route the flow to another liquidity provider.Such brokers are typically providing very quick execution, however an inherent conflict of interest is possible due to the fact that the brokers is making the bulk of its profits from client losses.Role of Market Makers in FX IndustryIn the FX space, a market maker quotes two-way prices for tradable currency pairs. In doing so these market makers quite literally make the market. In particular, a forex market maker performs three specific tasks.This includes setting bid and offer prices within a given currency pair, committing to accepting deals at these prices within certain constraints, and taking the resulting exposure on to their own book.In terms of accounting for this exposure onto their book, market makers can opt to hedge the exposure with another bank, pending favorable rates. How quickly or slowly, or how much risk they lay off will be at their own discretion.Market makers can make profit through several techniques. If these entities identify enough flow at both sides of their quote, they can simply collect the bid offer spread.Consequently, market makers can net off their exposure. Presently, large banks see huge flows of foreign currency transactions from their operations around the world in a multi trillion-dollar-a-day industry. Read this Term.

The disciplinary case stems from an arrangement known in the brokerage industry as ‘payment for order flow’ between 2015 and late 2018. This controversial practice is a major part of Robinhood’s business and involves selling customer trades to certain trading firms. The popular millennial stock-trading app routed its customers’ orders to other broker-dealers, all of which paid Robinhood for that order flow.

“The settlement relates to historical practices that do not reflect Robinhood today. We recognize the responsibility that comes with having helped millions of investors make their first investments, and we’re committed to continuing to evolve Robinhood as we grow to meet our customers’ needs,” said Dan Gallagher, Chief Legal Officer at Robinhood.

In reality, Robinhood charges market makers and high-speed trading firms a percentage of the spread on each trade it sells, compared to a fixed commission, which some critics say creates a conflict of interest. A bigger difference between the bid and asked price means Robinhood customers do not get the best prices.

Although a major driver of revenue, Robinhood did not fully disclose these practices on its website until 2018. As a result, the SEC accused the discount brokerage of making misleading statements and omissions in customer communications, including in FAQ pages on its website.

The so-called 'payment for order flow' had reportedly deprived customers of $34.1 million even after taking into account the savings from not paying a commission.

As the SEC’s order finds, "one of Robinhood’s selling points to customers was that trading was 'commission-free', but due in large part to its unusually high payment for order flow rates, Robinhood customers’ orders were executed at prices that were inferior to other brokers’ prices.”

The industry rules require brokerages to use reasonable diligence to ensure that the transaction prices for customers’ trades are as favorable as possible amid the current market conditions. This duty of 'best  Execution  Execution Execution is the process during which a client submits an order to the brokerage, which consequently executes it resulting in an open position in a given asset. The execution of the order occurs only when it is filled. There is typically a time delay between the placement of the order and the execution which is called latency.In the retail FX space, reliable brokers always strive to deliver best execution to their clients in order to maintain a solid business relationship with them. This is a common marketing point of emphasis by brokers, whose action execution varies considerably from company to company. When execution prices are not matching the submitted price the client is charged or credited the difference resulting from the negative or positive slippage.Slippage is a very contentious issue among retail traders, which can lead to issues. Many traders view levels of slippage at brokers as a key determinant for their business. Best Execution a Legal ObligationBrokers are required by law to diver to their clients the best execution possible. Some regulators are requiring brokers to submit execution stats in order to assess the quality of their services. Other brokers are regularly posting execution statistics in order to boost the confidence of their clients in the best execution commitment of the company.Best execution has been a point of emphasis in recent years from both retail and institutional players in the FX industry. Negotiating and executing transactions in order to promote a robust, fair, open, liquid and appropriately transparent FX market is identified as one of the six main principles outlined in the FX Global Code of Conduct, which came into effect in 2018. Execution is the process during which a client submits an order to the brokerage, which consequently executes it resulting in an open position in a given asset. The execution of the order occurs only when it is filled. There is typically a time delay between the placement of the order and the execution which is called latency.In the retail FX space, reliable brokers always strive to deliver best execution to their clients in order to maintain a solid business relationship with them. This is a common marketing point of emphasis by brokers, whose action execution varies considerably from company to company. When execution prices are not matching the submitted price the client is charged or credited the difference resulting from the negative or positive slippage.Slippage is a very contentious issue among retail traders, which can lead to issues. Many traders view levels of slippage at brokers as a key determinant for their business. Best Execution a Legal ObligationBrokers are required by law to diver to their clients the best execution possible. Some regulators are requiring brokers to submit execution stats in order to assess the quality of their services. Other brokers are regularly posting execution statistics in order to boost the confidence of their clients in the best execution commitment of the company.Best execution has been a point of emphasis in recent years from both retail and institutional players in the FX industry. Negotiating and executing transactions in order to promote a robust, fair, open, liquid and appropriately transparent FX market is identified as one of the six main principles outlined in the FX Global Code of Conduct, which came into effect in 2018. Read this Term' is incorporated in FINRA Rule 5310, which provides standards for firms with respect to best execution.

“Despite this, Robinhood falsely claimed in a website FAQ between October 2018 and June 2019 that its execution quality matched or beat that of its competitors,” the SEC further states.

Robinhood Chased by Mounting Regulatory Issues

"We are fully transparent in our communications with customers about our current revenue streams, have significantly improved our best execution processes and have established relationships with additional market makers to improve execution quality." added a Robinhood spokesperson.

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The SEC penalty is the latest headache for the upstart brokerage firm which was hit yesterday with a complaint by Massachusetts regulators. One area of focus for the investigation is Robinhood's aggressive tactics to attract inexperienced investors and “its use of gamification strategies to manipulate customers.”

A Wall Street regulator has previously fined the commission-free investing app $1.25 million in a civil action for not getting the best execution price for customer equity orders and failing to properly supervise the process.

Separately, Robinhood is facing multiple investigations into repeated outages of its trading platform, as well as failure to provide a swift resolution resulted in some investors losing money after being unable to access their accounts.